The Characteristics and Motivations of Expatriate Tourism Service Providers on the Costa del Sol, Spain

GRAHAM MOWL* - TONY BLACKWOOD**
University of Northumbria,
University of Northumbria

ABSTRACT
Expatriate-owned businesses account for a significant proportion of the total supply of small licensed premises within the main mass tourist resorts of the Costa del Sol in southern Spain. This paper presents some findings from a questionnaire survey conducted with owners of these small businesses in the resorts of Torremolinos and Fuengirola and focuses in particular on the behavioural characteristics and motivations of this group of small business owners. Using evidence from other research a comparison is made between the characteristics and motivations of this sample of expatriate tourism business owners and those of other small business owners in the tourism and hospitality sector. It is argued that although these expatriate owners are more likely than other owners of small tourism firms to possess relevant management and industry experience, they too are predominantly driven by non-economic motives and are prepared to work incredibly long hours in order to reap other intrinsic rewards.

Keywords: Small-businesses, expatriates, motivations, tourism, Spain.


Bicycle Tourism and Regional Development: A New Zealand Case Study

BRENT W. RITCHIE* - C. MICHAEL HALL**
University of Canberra
University of Otago

ABSTRACT
This paper outlines research into bicycle tourists in the South Island of New Zealand. Little academic attention has been given to alternative modes of tourism transport and the potential role of bicycle tourism in assisting the revitalisation of regional and rural areas. A self-completion survey was developed and implemented over 1997 and 1998 and received a total of 588 surveys returned from 1010 distributed (indicating a 58% return response rate). An analysis of bicycle tourists travel patterns, expenditure patterns and infrastructure use illustrates that due to their pace of travel and length of stay, bicycle tourists spend considerable amounts of time and money in regional areas. The results also indicate that despite the potential of bicycle tourism to use existing infrastructure and facilities (Lumsdon 1996), a significant number of respondents perceived infrastructure supply gaps to exist in the South Island of New Zealand. The paper concludes that although bicycle to! urists may provide useful in assisting with revitalisation and diversification in rural and regional areas, the planning and provision of infrastructure and information are key considerations in maximising the economic development benefits of this form of tourism for regional areas.

Keywords: bicycle tourism, regional development, New Zealand, planning.

Towards a Typology of Community Participation in The Tourism Development Process

CEVAT TOSUN
Bilkent University

ABSTRACT
Although the notion of community participation in tourism originates from the general concept of community participation in development studies, the subject of the former seems to have evolved and popularized in isolation from the meaning and scope of its origin. This article reveals that such isolation has ushered in a rigid and simple paradigm of community participation in tourism. This is assumed to be of one form and has universal validity without considering the existence of the different circumstances at various tourist destinations. It is suggested that the concept of community participation should be re-considered in terms of an adaptive categorical paradigm, which incorporates a range of various forms of community participation. These forms of participation are outlined for a variety of abstract situations with the aim of illustrating the legitimacy of different forms of community participation in tourism.

Keywords: community participation, tourism development process, and typology.

Tipping and the Nation's Tax Burden: A Cross-Country Study

ZVI SCHWARTZ* - ELI COHEN**
TechnoLodge
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

ABSTRACT
This article revisits the topic of cross-country differences in the number of tipped service-occupations. Taking a different approach, the study explores the relevance of three tax related economic processes: tax evasion, the crowding-out mechanism and the disposable income effect. The empirical test shows that the higher the tax burden, the lower the number of tipped occupations; a finding which supports the disposable income hypothesis and rejects the tax evasion one. The crowding out hypothesis is also rejected indicating that generosity might not be a valid explanation for tipping as previously suggested by some scholars.

Keywords: Tipping, Economics, Tax, Disposable Income.